Fuel cell electric vehicles and hydrogen balancing 100 percent renewable and integrated national transportation and energy systems

Future national electricity, heating, cooling and transport systems need to reach zero emissions. Significant numbers of back-up power plants as well large-scale energy storage capacity are required guarantee the reliability supply in 100 percent renewable systems. Electricity can be partially converted into hydrogen, which transported via pipelines, stored large quantities underground salt caverns overcome seasonal effects used electricity or a clean fuel for transport. The question addressed this paper is how parked grid-connected hydrogen-fueled Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles might balance per cent at level Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, France Spain? Five modeled year 2050 five countries, assuming only 50 passenger cars Vehicles, remaining Battery Vehicles. Vehicle fleet always their usage low, having load factors 2.1–5.5 percent, corresponding an average use 190–480 h car, year. At peak times, occurring few hours year, 26 43 particular with high shares solar energy, such Spain, balancing by mainly during night, matches favorably driving usage.